Compare findings without overstating their reach
Befunde angemessen vergleichen
Distinguish sample, measure and comparison period, and separate a finding from an explanatory hypothesis.
A report may compare preferences, attendance or test performance; these are not interchangeable. Identify the sample, time period, measure and starting conditions before interpreting a difference. A percentage needs a denominator. Twelve out of twenty respondents is not twelve out of all enrolled learners if some did not respond. A group selected voluntarily may differ from another group before a method is introduced. This does not make every finding useless, but it restricts causal and general claims. According to the supplied data, describe a difference first, then mark explanations as possibilities. Use könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass … for a possible cause and lässt sich anhand dieser Daten nicht beurteilen for a limit.
Die Befragung umfasst zwanzig Antworten, nicht alle eingeschriebenen Personen.
The survey includes twenty responses, not all enrolled people.
Zwölf von zwanzig Befragten bevorzugten kurze Lernphasen.
Twelve of twenty respondents preferred short study sessions.
Der Unterschied könnte auf verschiedene Vorkenntnisse zurückzuführen sein.
The difference could be due to different prior knowledge.
Die Ausgangsbedingungen waren nicht identisch.
The starting conditions were not identical.
Anhand dieser Daten lässt sich kein eindeutiger Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhang feststellen.
These data do not establish an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship.
Für eine Entscheidung sollten weitere Rückmeldungen und Ergebnisse einbezogen werden.
Further feedback and results should be considered for a decision.
A report may compare preferences, attendance or test performance; these are not interchangeable. Identify the sample, time period, measure and starting conditions before interpreting a difference. A percentage needs a denominator. Twelve out of twenty respondents is not twelve out of all enrolled learners if some did not respond. A group selected voluntarily may differ from another group before a method is introduced. This does not make every finding useless, but it restricts causal and general claims. According to the supplied data, describe a difference first, then mark explanations as possibilities. Use könnte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass … for a possible cause and lässt sich anhand dieser Daten nicht beurteilen for a limit.
Distinguish sample, measure and comparison period, and separate a finding from an explanatory hypothesis.
A preference is not a measured improvement. Do not change the denominator from respondents to all enrolled participants.
Who and how many? What was measured? Over which period? Compared with what? Report the difference before discussing possible explanations.
Write a 180–220-word note for a course committee comparing two learning groups. State the sample, the measured outcome, a possible selection effect and a cautious next step. Include one numerical comparison with a correct denominator and one explicit limit on causality.